Inkomoko
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Mwendo (Kabagali) / Nyanza (1921 - 1941)
Ibisekuruza bye byerekanye ko Dominiko Mbonyumutwa ari Umugesera ukomoka kuri Mannyoli waturutse mu Gisaka iburasirazuba bw’u Rwanda. Mannyoli yimukiye mu Rwanda rwo hagati akaba ari igisekuruza cya munani cya Dominiko Mbonyumutwa. Hariho amazu abiri y'Abannyoli bamukomotseho. Abannyoli bo mu nzu Mbonyumutwa yavutsemo baje kuba i Mwendo ya Kabagali, mu cyahoze ari Komine Mukingi, agasozi ka Nyabisambu, bakaba bitwa ko ari abahutu. Indi nzu ni iyaje kuba i Kirengeri – Mpanda, muri Marangara, bakaba bitwa ko ari abatutsi. Utwo turere twombi turegeranye, mucyahoze kitwa « circonscription administrative ya Gitarama »
Abannyoli ni ubwoko bw’Abagesera batuye mu Rwanda hose bavuga ko bakomoka k'Umwami Kimenyi umuzirankende wo mu Gisaka, nyuma y’uko ingoma cyabo gitewe kikigarurirwa n’Umwami-tutsi wo mu Rwanda. Niyo ngoma nyarwanda yanyuma yigaruriwe n’Umwami-tutsi wo mu Rwanda. Nyuma yaho abagesera bakwiriye mu Rwanda hose bivanga mu moko y’Abatutsi n’Abahutu bari basanze mu Rwanda.
Mu bannyoli bazwi mu Rwanda harimo Dominiko Mbonyumutwa na Yohani-Baptista Utumabahutu, umwalimu wanabaye sous-chef na chef wa Mayaga mbere ya Révolution yo muri 1959. Nyuma y’ubwigenge bw’igihugu yaje kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wa Leta ushinzwe impunzin'intumwa ya rubanda mu nteko nshinga mategeko.
Ibi by'inkomoko bivuzwe kugirango herekanwe ko uburyo amako yo mu Rwanda yanditswe n’abazungu atari gatebe gatoki.
Dominiko Mbonyumutwa yavutse muri 1921 iMwendo mu Kagbagali. Apfusha ise ku myaka 8. Nyina ahita amusaba gusimbura ise mu mirimo y' ubuhake yakoreraga umututsi wari umuhatse. Ubwo buryo bwo kumara amezi umugaragu akorera uwari umuhatse byitwaga : “kujya gufata igihe kwa shebuja”. Umugaragu utarakoreraga shebuja uko babisezeranye yatakaza inka yagabiwe n’uwo shebuja. N’ubwo yari umwana muto, Mbonyumutwa we yarabyanze kuko yifuzaga kujya mw'ishuri ariko nyina akanga kuko yabonaga ntacyo bizamumarira kuko nta myanya (babyitaga « kugabana umusozi ») abahutu bahabwaga. Mbese Umwami ntiyagabiraga Abahutu kuyobora imisozi yagabiraga Abatutsi gusa n'abana babo baba babishoboye cyangwa batabishoboye. Niyo mpamvu nyina wa Mbonyumutwa we ntiyakozwaga ibyo byo kwiga ahubwo amuhatira gukomeza kurangiza igihe ise yarashigaje gukorera uwar'umuhatse. Mbonyumutwa nawe aranangira nuko uwari Shebuja wa se ararakara cyane yisubiza inka ze yari yarahaye ababyeyi ba Mbonyumutwa. Ng’uko uko umwana Mbonyumutwa yatumye nyina amubonamo ko amubereye ikigomeke kubona amutesheje inka zari zarageze mu rugo kandi ko atakaje Shebuja wari umuvugizi w'urugo mu gihe rugize ingorane nta kirengera. Birunvikana ko mama wa Mbonyumutwa byamuteye umujinya n’ubwoba. Kubw'amahirwe Mbonyumutwa abasha gukomeza kwiga abifashijwemwo n'umututsi wari ukize kandi ngo wari ujijutse witwaga Tharcisse Gihana w’aho iwabo. Izo ngorane n’iyo neza byamuteye kumva uko sosiyeti nyarwanda y’icyo gihe yari iteye. Kugeza yitabye Imana yababajwe cyane no kuba nyina yaritabye Imana amezi macye mbere y’uko agabirwa umusozi nka sous-chef muri Nzeli 1952 ngo abe yareretse nyina ko kwiga bitari uguta igihe cyangwa kuba ikigomeke.
Mbonyumutwa arangije amashuri abanza i Muyunzwe yahise ajya kwiga mu ishuli ry’Abafurere (Joséphites) i Kabgayi ahakura impamyabushobozi (diplôme) yo kwigisha amashuri abanza.Yahise abona akazi k'ubwarimu ku Kamonyi muri Rukoma muri 1941. Niho yashakanye na Sofiya Nyirabuhake wavukiye i Mbare muri Marangara muri 1918, umukobwa wari uzi kwandika no gusoma wize i Kabgayi muri Novisiya y'Abenebikira bari bungirije abapadiri missionnaires Les Pères Blancs. Kuba Sofiya Nyirabuhake yari azi kwandika no gusoma byari ikintu cy’ingenzi kuri Mbonyumutwa.
Kabgayi / Gitarama (1941-1948)
Basezeranye kw’italiki ya mbere y’ukwezi kwa gatanu muri 1941 barinda basazana. Imfura yabo y'umuhungu Shingiro Mbonyumutwa bayihaye izina Mbonyumutwa, ibintu bitari bisanzwe mu muco wa kinyarwanda, mbere y’uko bisakara mu Rwanda hose no muri générations zose. Umuryango wabo wibarutse abandi bana batandatu : Mukamugema Marie-Claire, Musanganire Félicité, Muramutse Perpétue, Kigufi Thomas, Kimenyi Joseph na Nyiratunga Bernadette.
Dominiko Mbonyumutwa n’umuryango we bimukiye i Rutongo- Mugambazi muri 1943 aho yari abonye akazi kwo kwigisha abana b’abazungu bakoraga muri Somuki. Somuki yari sosiyeti yabaga muri Rutongo yacukuraga amabuye ya Cassitérite. Yaje guhuzwa n’izindi sosiyeti zacukuraga amabuye zibyara Somirwa (Société des Mines du Rwanda) muri za mirongo irindwi). Mbonyumutwa yavuye i Rutongo-Mugambazi muri 1946, asubira kw'ivuko i Mwendo ya Kabagali, ahabona akazi k’ubwalimu i Muyunzwe. Muri 1947 yasezeye k’umulimo w’ubwarimu agirango ashake akazi keza kurusha ak’ubwalimu. Yaje kukabona i Gitarama aho yakoze nka « commis à l’administration belge ».
Kabgayi- Gitarama (1948-1952)
Mu gihe yashakishaga akazi karenze ak’ubwalimu, yatumweho n'ibyegera by’Umugabekazi Kankazi, nyina wa Rudahigwa, ngo aze i Shyogwe gukora interview yo gukorera Umugabekazi akazi k’ubu « clerc ». Iyo interview ntiyakunze uko yagenze kuko yumvise Umugabekazi n'ibyegera bye bamukinisha bamubwira mu buryo budashimishije bati “vuga igifaransa twumve”. Ntiyabyemeye kuko atishimiye uburyo babimusabye. Byaje kumuhira kuko nyuma yaho yaje kubona akazi keza kurushaho ko kuba umwungiriza (« commis ») w’umuzungu wari uhagarariye administrateur mu cyo bitaga « poste avancé » yayoboraga amasheferi ane yari agizwe na Marangara, Nduga, Ndiza na Rukoma. Akazi kamuheshaga ibyo yifuzaga akorana n’Abategetsi bashinzwe abaturage.
Mu ntangiriro za1952 nyina wa Dominiko Mbonyumutwa yitabye Imana. Yabaga i Mwendo hagendwaga amasaha 2 n'amaguru uvuye i Gitarama aho Mbonyumutwa yakoraga, ariko ntiyabashije kujya kumuhamba kuko uwamutegekaga w’ umubiliigi ntiyamuhaye uruhushya kuko yari yarateguye kuva cyera kujya muri konje i Bujumbura n'i Constermansville (Bukavu y'ubu) ku buryo Mbonyumutwa yagomba gusigara ariwe mukuru w'ikigo « chef de poste » agenzura cyane cyane abapolisi na prison byari bigize inkingi zikomeye z'ubutegetsi. Ntako atagize ngo ajye guhamba umubyeyi we ndetse yibutsa umuyobozi we ko iyo yari impamvu idasanzwe ariko umuyobozi amusubiza ko adashobora guhindura konje ze. Ibi byababaje Mbonyumutwa cyane ku buryo yabyibutsaga iyo yashakaga kwibutsa abantu ukuntu akazi ka cyera katari koroshye, ko abantu bagombga kumenya kwihangana cyane.
Kanyanza/ Nyabikenke ku Ndiza (1952-1956).
Muri za 1950, umuryango w'ibihugu byibumbye (ONU) washyizeho gahunda yo kuvugurura igihugu mu gihe cy'imyaka icumi. Mu ntangiriro za 1952 bashyizeho itegeko ryo gusanranganya ubutegetsi mu moko yose y'u Rwanda maze Tutelle y'ababiligi ihabwa kuzajya itanga abakandida ku myanya y'ubutegetsi (shefu na sushefu), nyuma umwami agashobora kubemera cyangwa kwanga. Mu kwezi kwa cyenda muri 1952, nibwo muri iyo gahunda Mbonyumutwa yahawe ubusushefu muri sheferi ya Ndiza.
Amaze kubuhabwa yiyemeje ko susheferi ye igomba kubona amanota yo hejuru cyane bitaga « elite » (90%), kandi niko byagenze imyaka ilindwi yose yayiyoboye yigisha ko uburezi bw'urubyiruko no gukunda umurimo ari byo soko ry'amajyambere. Kugirango abigereho ni uko yiyemeje kubikorera by’umwihariko. Yabyukaga kare akagenda hafi umunsi wose, agenzura abakozi be, abasaba kumukorera neza kandi nawe akabafata neza uko bikwiriye ku buryo bamwubahaga banamukorera neza.
Igitabo iyi nyandiko ikomokaho :
http://www.fr.fnac.be/a2668840/Shingiro-Mbonyumutwa-Rwanda-a-quand-la-democratie